Congenital Conditions:

• Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
• Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Coarctation of the Aorta

Acquired Structural Conditions (Adult):

• Aortic Stenosis
• Mitral Regurgitation
• Paravalvular Leak
• Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) Closure
• Aneurysms or abnormal vessel connections

Treatments & Interventions

• Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)
• MitraClip Procedure (for mitral valve repair)
• Balloon Valvuloplasty
• Device Closure of Septal Defects (ASD/VSD)
• Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion (LAAO)
• Coarctation Stenting
• Pulmonary Valve Implantation
• Paravalvular Leak Closure

Causes

• Congenital Defects: Genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), environmental exposures during pregnancy, maternal infections or drug use.
• Acquired Structural Issues: Aging, rheumatic fever, infections (e.g., endocarditis), degenerative changes in valves, high blood pressure, or heart attacks.

Symptoms

• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue or reduced exercise tolerance
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Irregular heartbeats
• Cyanosis (bluish skin)
• Swelling in legs or abdomen
• Fainting or dizziness

For Congenital Defects:

• Proper prenatal care
• Avoiding harmful substances during pregnancy
• Genetic counseling if there's a family history

For Acquired Conditions:

• Regular heart checkups
• Managing blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes
• Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol
• Maintaining a healthy weight and active lifestyle
• Prompt treatment of infections and rheumatic fever