• Stenosis – Narrowing of the valve opening, restricting blood flow.
• Regurgitation (Insufficiency) – Leakage of the valve causing blood to flow backward.
• Atresia – A congenital defect where the valve lacks an opening for blood to flow through.

Causes of Valve Disease

• Congenital heart defects
• Rheumatic fever
• Infections (e.g., endocarditis)
• Age-related degeneration
• Calcium buildup on valves
• Heart attacks or other heart conditions

Symptoms of Valve Disease

These tests are commonly recommended for:

• Chest pain or discomfort
• Fatigue and weakness
• Shortness of breath, especially during exertion
• Irregular heartbeat or palpitations
• Swelling in ankles, feet, or abdomen
• Dizziness or fainting

Valvular Intervention Treatments

• Medical Management
  Medications to control symptoms and prevent complications (e.g., diuretics, beta-blockers, anticoagulants)
• Surgical Treatments
  Valve Repair – Preserving and reconstructing the existing valve.
  Valve Replacement – Replacing the damaged valve with a mechanical or biological prosthetic valve.
• Minimally Invasive Procedures
  TAVR (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement) – A less invasive alternative to open-heart surgery.
  Balloon Valvuloplasty – Uses a balloon to widen a narrowed valve.

Prevention of Valve Disease

• Regular heart check-ups, especially if you have a history of heart problems
• Timely treatment of strep throat to prevent rheumatic fever
• Good dental hygiene to reduce infection risk
• Managing risk factors like high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes
• Healthy lifestyle: balanced diet, exercise, no smoking